TY  - BOOK
AU  - Russell,Andrew L.
TI  - Open standards and the digital age: history, ideology, and networks 
T2  - Cambridge studies in the emergence of global enterprise
SN  - 9781107039193
U1  - 602.18 22
PY  - 2014///
CY  - New York
PB  - Cambridge University Press
KW  - Standardization
KW  - United States
KW  - History
KW  - BUEsh
KW  - Information technology
KW  - Standards
KW  - Telecommunication
KW  - ENGELC
KW  - April2018
KW  - Reading book
N1  - Includes bibliographical references and index
N2  - "How did the idea of openness become the defining principle for the twenty-first-century Information Age? This book answers this question by looking at the history of information networks and paying close attention to the politics of standardization. For much of the twentieth century, information networks such as the monopoly Bell System and the American military's Arpanet were closed systems subject to centralized control. In the 1970s and 1980s, however, engineers in the United States and Europe experimented with design strategies and coordination mechanisms to create new digital networks. In the process, they embraced discourses of "openness" to describe their ideological commitments to entrepreneurship, technological innovation, and participatory democracy. The rhetoric of openness has flourished - for example, in movements for open government, open-source software, and open-access publishing - but such rhetoric also obscures the ways the Internet and other "open" systems still depend heavily on hierarchical forms of control"--
ER  -